Here’s a concise, printable A4 page covering the History of Science — from ancient roots to modern breakthroughs — in simple language and timeline format.
🧠 A4 Summary Sheet: A Brief History of Science
🔍 ANCIENT BEGINNINGS (Before 500 CE)
| Civilisation | Scientific Contributions |
|---|---|
| Mesopotamia | First calendars, math with 60-based system |
| Egypt | Medicine, geometry, building pyramids |
| India | Zero, early surgery, astronomy (Aryabhata) |
| China | Compass, seismograph, herbal medicine |
| Greece | Philosophy meets science: Aristotle, Archimedes, Pythagoras |
🧪 Science was part of philosophy and religion.
⚗️ MEDIEVAL PERIOD (500–1500)
| Region | Development |
|---|---|
| Islamic World | Preserved Greek texts, invented algebra, optics (Ibn al-Haytham) |
| Europe | Slow progress; monasteries preserved ancient texts |
| China & India | Innovations in printing, metallurgy, medicine |
🧬 Alchemy, astronomy, and math developed quietly.
🔬 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION (1500–1700)
| Scientist | Breakthrough |
|---|---|
| Copernicus | Sun at center (heliocentric theory) |
| Galileo | Telescope, laws of motion |
| Kepler | Planetary motion laws |
| Newton | Gravity, calculus, physics laws |
📚 Science shifts from belief to observation + experiment.
🧪 AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT (1700–1800)
-
Science becomes organized: societies, journals.
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Chemistry begins (Lavoisier names oxygen).
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Electricity explored (Franklin, Volta).
🧠 Reason, logic, and data become central.
🏭 INDUSTRIAL & MODERN ERA (1800–1900)
| Field | Breakthroughs |
|---|---|
| Biology | Evolution (Darwin), cell theory |
| Chemistry | Periodic table (Mendeleev) |
| Medicine | Vaccination, germ theory (Pasteur) |
| Physics | Electromagnetism (Maxwell), X-rays |
⚙️ Science fuels technology and medicine.
🚀 20th CENTURY TO TODAY
| Domain | Key Developments |
|---|---|
| Physics | Relativity (Einstein), quantum theory, atom split |
| Biology | DNA structure (Watson & Crick), genetics revolution |
| Space Science | Moon landing, Mars rovers, telescopes |
| Technology | Computers, internet, AI |
| Medicine | Antibiotics, vaccines, organ transplants |
🛰️ Science reshapes everyday life and explores the universe.
🌟 SCIENCE = Curiosity + Observation + Experiment
From fire to fusion, science is the human quest to understand nature.