Skip to main content

WHY CANNOT WE SQUEEZE A BLOCK OF IRON?

   

      There are two kinds of particles in the universe.  One is Fermions and the other is Bosons.  "Fermions having the same properties (like spin, energy, angular momentum) cannot occupy the same place. Remember, like poles repel.  This is the Pauli's exclusion principle.  Electrons, protons and neutrons are fermions.

     Two electrons having same  properties cannot co-exist.  For example, in the first orbit of the atom, two electrons can occupy.  But they should have opposite spin.  Other electrons should go to higher orbits.  It is like filling -up seats from the stage to the balcony in a theater.  That is why there is lot of empty space in an atom.  In spite of empty space, we cannot squeeze a solid materials.  Because electrons offers resistance due to Pauli's exclusion principle.  Hence we are not able to force our hands through the table and we are not falling thorough the earth.  Solid remains solid.  Also we can understand periodic table arises because of Pauli's exclusion principle.

     Neutrons quantum properties allow little more tight packing.  Hence they all live in the small space of nucleus.

WHITE DWARF, NEUTRON STAR, BLACK HOLE
     At the end of a star's life, it stops burning.  Then gravity comes into action.  The gravity collapse the star into itself - an implosion.  The star shrinks, and becomes white dwarf.  Here all the electrons go and occupy the lowermost energy levels with out violating Pauli's principle.

     When the star's  mass is just greater than 1.4 times of our sun's mass (Chandrasekhar's limit), there is more gravity, more compaction.  Now the protons and electrons merge and become neutrons.  The star just becomes a ball of neutrons - called neutron star.  Its size is nearly a size of a city (10 - 12 km).  The great star is shrieked to such a size and the neutrons occupy a small space again without violating Pauli's principle.  Still heavier star just become 'black hole'.

BOSONS
     Small ice cubes can join,  melt, freeze and become one big ice cube.  Similarly bosons can mingle and co-exist as one unit.  They do not obey Pauli's principle.  One good example:  Photons are bosons.  Photons can join and become one solid beam of light .  That is LASER.
     In the electrical super conductor, electrons become bosons (explore how?).  Here resistance becomes zero and conductance becomes infinity.
     In the super fluid, liquid molecules becomes bosons.  They flow without resistance (zero viscosity) in a steam lined way.
     If we find easy way to make Bosons, future will arrive quickly. 
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

THE EARTH, A SUPER ORGANISM

     JOIN MY COURSE: "Become a programmer in a day with python"       A man called 'love lock' (what a name) proposed a theory called Gaia theory, named after Greek Goddess.      It says, "Earth is a self-regulating organism like a human being.  The organic life in it interacts with in-organic matter and maintains atmosphere, temperature and environment".  Hence the earth is still suitable for the life to thrive.      Imagine, in a particular place, there are lot of flowers.  Some flowers are white and some are darkly coloured.  We know, white reflects light and heat while dark absorbs the same.  White flowers can thrive in hot climate.  But dark flowers requires cold climate.  The absorption and reflection balances and the environment reaches average, warm temperature at which both the flowers can co-exist.  This is the essence of "Gaia" theory.      On our earth, the oxygen constitute 20% of the atmosphere.  The oxygen level is always mai

THE PARABOLA

          A jet of water shooting from a hose pipe will follow a parabolic path.  What is the so special about parabola.    Y= x^2 Draw a graph for the above equation.  It will result in a parabola.  This parabola is also called unit parabola.  Any equation involving square will yield a parabola. Example:  Y = 2x^2 +3x+3 (also called quadratic equation)    X= 2 and -2, both  satisfies the equation 4 = X^2.  Parabolic equations always have two solutions.     Any motion taking place freely under gravity follows parabolic path. Examples:   An object dropped from a moving train,   A bomb dropped from flying plane,  A ball kicked upwards.      If a beam of light rays fall on the parabolic shaped mirror, they will be reflected and brought to focus on a point.  This fact is made use of in Dish Antenna, Telescope mirrors, etc.      Inverted parabola shape is used in the construction of buildings and bridges.  Because the shape is able to bear more weight.      A plane

DISORDER IS THE "ORDER OF THE DAY"

         Imagine a balloon full of air.  The air molecules are moving randomly inside the balloon.  Let us pierce the balloon with a pin.  The air rushes out.  Why should not the air molecules stay inside the balloon safely and ignore the little hole?  That is not the way the world works.  The molecules always "want to occupy as many states as possible".  Hence the air goes out in the open to occupy more volume.   The things always goes into disorder (entropy) and the disorder increases with time.  The above statement is what we call "second law of thermodynamics".      Consider a cup of coffee on the table. Suppose the heat from entire room flows to your cup of coffee, the coffee will boil and the rest of the room will freeze.  Freezing means bringing things to order and arrangement.  It violates the second law.  Hence it will never happen.  Hence heat must flow from high temperature to low temperature and not the other way.        The air molecules in y