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BUTTERFLY EFFECT - REVISITED

 DAILY LIFE:  One fine morning, you left the house a little late and you missed the bus.  On the way, your friend showed you a advt. for a new job.  Then your life changed for ever.  This is the butterfly effect.      " A flap of butterfly wing on one side of the planet may trigger tornado on the other side of the planet".  This is the famous quote. ORIGIN:     In 1960, American Mathematician and meteorologist wrote computer code to predict weather.  He rounded off some numbers manually and fed into the computer.  For example, 0.123456 was  rounded off as 0.123.  This tiny rounding off error produced unpredictable, drastic change in the weather report.  This is the origin of 'butterfly effect'. MATH:      Consider the equation  P next = P previous   * r * (1-Previous)  Let  P previous = 0.25  Let r = 1.5      Let us calculate 'P ne...

WHAT IS TOMORROW'S OIL?

           Long back, people burned wood to get energy.  Then they found coal.  Next we switched to oil.  Our transport system is mainly using oil as fuel even today.  One fifth of the world's oil reserve is there in the middle east countries.   Oil price rise disturbed world Economy thrice.      How long we will use oil?   Is there alternative?  Let us try to answer.      Many countries are moving towards nuclear energy.  'Radiation' risk is present in nuclear reactors.      Wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy are safe, clean and renewable.  We are focusing on them now.  Today, many trains have electric engines.  We rarely see steam engines.   Hybrid cars (petrol + electric) are beginning to appear.  We require many charging stations on the road to fuel electric cars.  First, we have to overcome this problem....

VIRTUAL GRAVITY

1. The pendulum always takes the same time for each oscillation, whatever may be the size of the swing?  why? 2. Can earth's gravity be controlled or manipulated? 3. What is iso-chronous curve? 4. What is "virtual gravity" ?     We will attempt to answer these questions in this article.      When the metal ball is at the top of the curve , it is going to fall vertically.  Hence entire acceleration due to gravity g acts on it.  When the ball is at the bottom, it moves horizontally.  Hence no "g" acts on it.  From top to bottom, the ball moves in inclined planes.  (the angle of inclination of the planes with gravity changes from 0 to 90 degree).  Hence between top and bottom, only partial gravity acts.  It is given by the formula g cos x (x =0 to 90) and it is called virtual gravity. Now, g cos 0 =  g.1  =   g=9.8  at top           g cos 45 =  g.0.707 =...

DRUNKARDS WALK AND TEA BAG

        Long long ago, a botanist by name Robert brown took a little water; put some pollen particles in it; observed them through microscope.  To his surprise, the pollen particle jerked around, as if they were alive.      Later investigations gave more information.      1. Water molecules are always in random motion due to thermal energy.      2. Even though, a pollen particles is hundreds of time bigger than a water molecule, a group of water molecules hit it here and there, now and then.  Hence pollen particles move randomly as if stroked by a bat.  This motion is called Brownian motion.       Brownian motion proved that the matter is made up of molecules and atoms.      When the tea bag is put in a hot water, the tea-particles pushed in the same way by the hot water molecules.  Hence the tea diffuse through the water or milk.  It is clearly visible wi...

WHY CANNOT WE SQUEEZE A BLOCK OF IRON?

          There are two kinds of particles in the universe.  One is Fermions and the other is Bosons.  "Fermions having the same properties (like spin, energy, angular momentum) cannot occupy the same place. Remember, like poles repel.  This is the Pauli's exclusion principle.  Electrons, protons and neutrons are fermions.      Two electrons having same  properties cannot co-exist.  For example, in the first orbit of the atom, two electrons can occupy.  But they should have opposite spin.  Other electrons should go to higher orbits.  It is like filling -up seats from the stage to the balcony in a theater.  That is why there is lot of empty space in an atom.  In spite of empty space, we cannot squeeze a solid materials.  Because electrons offers resistance due to Pauli's exclusion principle.  Hence we are not able to force our hands through the table and we are not falling th...

YOU ARE BURNING LIKE A CANDLE-24X7

         The candle, a stick of wax (oil) burns with oxygen and produce CO 2 and water.  Also gives out light and heat energy.      We take in carbs (carbohydrates), oil, fat.  They are converted into glucose in our body.  We also inhale oxygen.  The glucose burns (reacts) with oxygen and yield CO 2 which we exhale out; water which the body eliminates.  In this process also, the energy in the forms of heat, invisible light is released.  The body uses this energy for its functioning.  Here the invisible light is infra-red radiation.  Our body continuously emit IR waves.  That is why, we and animals can be detected using infra red cameras and binoculars even in the dark night.  Also our body is warm and above the room temperature always.      Medical science says the vital parameters of our body are 1. Temperature 2. oxygen level 3. Heart pulse rate 4. Blood pressure....

POSITIVE SIDE OF MONEY INFLATION

       Prices rise now and then.  Government announces dearness allowance for its employees (because goods are getting dearer).  Hence the income rises.  People's buying capacity increases.  Again the prices shoot up.  The cycle goes on and on, called vicious cycle.  The value of money goes down.  One has to pay higher price for the same product.  In economics, it is called "inflation" of money.      Is inflation good?  Yes, to certain extent. 1. Income rise gives positive feeling to employees.  Hence productivity increases. 2. We get loans and pay EMI-equated monthly installments.  As the time progresses, due to inflation the value of EMI goes down.  We seems to pay less money as EMI.  It is a win-win situation for both the lender and the borrower.  We have seen people who paid 200 rupees as EMI and in due course their property value ballooned to two crore. 3. Prices can...